?????????

????????? _??K
	Spectral lines of potassium
????????	silvery gray
????? ????????? ??Ar°(K)
	??.????±?.????; ??.???±?.??? (?????????);
??????? ??????? ?????????
	????? ← ????????? → ???????????
????????? ??????	??
????? ??????	????? ????
?????	????? ?: ?????????? ??? ????? ????
???????	??????? ?
????	??-????
???????? ???????	[Ar] ?s?
??????? ??????? ???????? ??????	2, 8, 8, 1
??? ?????????
???	????
???????	336.53 ?? (63.38 °??, 146.08 °??)
??????????	1032 K (759 °??, 1398 °??)
????? (?.??.-? ????)	0.862 g·cm?? (? °??-?, ???.??? kPa)
????? ?????	m.p.: 0.828 g·cm??
????? ??????	336.35 ??, kPa
??????? ???????	2.33 kJ·mol??
??????????? ???????	76.9 kJ·mol??
??? ???????	29.6 J·mol??·K??
????????? ?????????
???? ??????	1 strongly basic oxide
?????-?????????	0.82 (???? ?????)
???????? ????	; (???)
????????? ?????????	empirical: 227 pm
?????? ?????????	203±12 pm
????? ??? ?????? ?????????	275 pm
?????
??????? ???	body-centered cubic (bcc)
?????? ??????	????? ???: 2000 m·s?? (at 20 °??)
?????? ??????????	83.3 μm·m??·K?? (?? °??-?)
?????? ?????????	102.5 W·m??·K??
????? ??????? ? ?????????	?? °??-?: 72 n Ω·m
?????????	paramagnetic
???????? ???????	3.53 GPa
?????? ???????	1.3 GPa
????? ???????	3.1 GPa
(???) ???????	0.4
??????? ???????	0.363 MPa
????? ??????? ??????	7440-09-7
??????????? ??????? ??; ?;
ε	??Ar
β+	40Ar
	???????????: ?????????; ?????; ????????; \| ?????????

百度你公司要认真贯彻落实党中央、国务院关于支持深度贫困地区脱贫攻坚要求精神，加大资源投入，结合地方脱贫攻坚需求，积极推动台江模式落地实施。

????????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ( ???-??????? ?????????? ???? ) ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ? ????????? ??? ???? ??????-???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ^[?] ????????? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????, ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ?? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? (?? ??? ??????? ?.??% ????????? ^[?]^[?] ), ??? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????

??????? ?????? ????? 1 ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???, ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????,^[?] ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????? ??????????? ? ⁴⁰
K ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?

????????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???, ????:- ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ???????

??????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????, ?? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? 95% ??? ??? ????

???????

??????????? ?????? ??? ??? ”???? " ?????? ????,^[?] ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? 1807 ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????????, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????

?????? "??" ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???, ???? ???? ???? ??? ????: ????????? ”??-?????????? " “?????? ???"? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? leucite ??? lepidolite ???? ???? "????" ???????? ???? , ??? ????? ????? ?? "????" ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ^[?] ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????: ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? "?????????" ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ^[?] ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? kalium ??? ? ????????? ?????? "??" ??? ????? ^[??]

????

???

????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ^[??] ???? ?????????, ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???.? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ^[??]

?????????

???????? ????????? ???????????? 19 ?? ????????? ??????, ?? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???.? ???????/???, ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? (???? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? K^?
???????? ?????? ???)? ^[??]^[??] ?? ????????????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? (????) ???????/???), ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? (??????? ??????????) ???? ???? ^[??] ???? ????????? +2 ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ^[??]

???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ( KO
₂)

??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? +1? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? K⁺
?????? ????? ??? ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ^[??]

??????????? 25 ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????????? ???: ³⁹
K ³⁹
K (93.3%), ⁴⁰
K ⁴⁰
K (0.0117%), ??? ⁴¹
K ⁴¹
K (6.7%) ?????????????? ???? ⁴⁰
K ⁴⁰
K ?? 1.250 × 10 ⁹ ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ⁴⁰
Ar ⁴⁰
Ar ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? (11.2%) ?? ????????? ⁴⁰
Ca ???? ????? ?????? ⁴⁰
Ca (88.8%)? ^[??] ⁴⁰
K ????? ⁴⁰
K ⁴⁰
K ???? ⁴⁰
Ar ⁴⁰
Ar ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??-?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ( ⁴⁰
Ar ⁴⁰
Ar ) ???????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ⁴⁰
Ar ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ⁴⁰
Ar ⁴⁰
Ar ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ??????????, ?????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ; ???????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ^[??]^[??] ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???????????????????? ? ^[??]

A reaction of potassium metal with water. Hydrogen is produced, and with potassium vapor, burns with a pink or lilac flame. Strongly alkaline potassium hydroxide is formed in solution.

??? ?????

????????:Book bar

↑ "Standard Atomic Weights: ?????????"? CIAAW? ?????
↑ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; B?hlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gr?ning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (? ?? ????)? "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"? Pure and Applied Chemistry (?????? ??????)? ?????:10.1515/pac-2019-0603? ???????? 1365-3075?
↑ ? {{???????? ???????}}: |title= ????????? ?? ???? (???????)
↑ Webb, D. A. (?????? ????)? "The Sodium and Potassium Content of Sea Water" (??????): ???? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)
↑ Anthoni, J. (????)? "Detailed composition of seawater at 3.5% salinity"? seafriends.org.nz? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????
↑ Marggraf, Andreas Siegmund (????)? Chymische Schriften? ??. ????
↑ Davy, Humphry (????)? "On some new phenomena of chemical changes produced by electricity, in particular the decomposition of the fixed alkalies, and the exhibition of the new substances that constitute their bases; and on the general nature of alkaline bodies": ??? ?????:10.1098/rstl.1808.0001? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)
↑ Klaproth, M. (1797) "Nouvelles données relatives à l'histoire naturelle de l'alcali végétal" (New data regarding the natural history of the vegetable alkali), Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres (Berlin), pp. 9–13 ; see p. 13. From p. 13: "Cet alcali ne pouvant donc plus être envisagé comme un produit de la végétation dans les plantes, occupe une place propre dans la série des substances primitivement simples du règne minéral, &I il devient nécessaire de lui assigner un nom, qui convienne mieux à sa nature.
La dénomination de Potasche (potasse) que la nouvelle nomenclature fran?oise a consacrée comme nom de tout le genre, ne sauroit faire fortune auprès des chimistes allemands, qui sentent à quel point la dérivation étymologique en est vicieuse. Elle est prise en effet de ce qu'anciennement on se servoit pour la calcination des lessives concentrées des cendres, de pots de fer (pott en dialecte de la Basse-Saxe) auxquels on a substitué depuis des fours à calciner.
Je propose donc ici, de substituer aux mots usités jusqu'ici d'alcali des plantes, alcali végétal, potasse, &c. celui de kali, & de revenir à l'ancienne dénomination de natron, au lieu de dire alcali minéral, soude &c."
(This alkali [i.e., potash] — [which] therefore can no longer be viewed as a product of growth in plants — occupies a proper place in the originally simple series of the mineral realm, and it becomes necessary to assign it a name that is better suited to its nature.
The name of "potash" (potasse), which the new French nomenclature has bestowed as the name of the entire species [i.e., substance], would not find acceptance among German chemists, who feel to some extent [that] the etymological derivation of it is faulty. Indeed, it is taken from [the vessels] that one formerly used for the roasting of washing powder concentrated from cinders: iron pots (pott in the dialect of Lower Saxony), for which roasting ovens have been substituted since then.
Thus I now propose to substitute for the until now common words of "plant alkali", "vegetable alkali", "potash", etc., that of kali ; and to return to the old name of natron instead of saying "mineral alkali", "soda", etc.)
↑ Davy, Humphry (????)? "Ueber einige neue Erscheinungen chemischer Ver?nderungen, welche durch die Electricit?t bewirkt werden; insbesondere über die Zersetzung der feuerbest?ndigen Alkalien, die Darstellung der neuen K?rper, welche ihre Basen ausmachen, und die Natur der Alkalien überhaupt": ???–???? ?????:10.1002/andp.18090310202? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)
↑ Berzelius, J. Jacob (1814) F?rs?k, att, genom anv?ndandet af den electrokemiska theorien och de kemiska proportionerna, grundl?gga ett rent vettenskapligt system f?r mineralogien [Attempt, by the use of electrochemical theory and chemical proportions, to found a pure scientific system for mineralogy]. Stockholm, Sweden: A. Gadelius., p. 87.
↑ Greenwood, p. 76
↑ Greenwood, p. 75
↑ ^? ^? ^? Dye, J. L. (????)? "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions": ???–???? ?????:10.1002/anie.197905871? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)
↑ ^? ^? James, A. M.; Lord, M. P. (????)? Macmillan's chemical and physical data? Macmillan? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
↑ ^? ^? ????, ??????; ????????, ?????????; ???????, ???; ???????????, ???????? ???????? (????), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" [????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????], ??????????? ??????? ? (?????? ??????), ???: ?–???, ??????:2003NuPhA.729....3A, ?????:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
↑ Bowen, Robert; Attendorn, H. G. (????)? "Theory and Assumptions in Potassium–Argon Dating"? Isotopes in the Earth Sciences? Springer? ??. ???–?? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??
↑ Ana?, D.; Martin-Prével, P. (????)? Improved crop quality by nutrient management? Springer? ??. ???–? ???????? ???-?-????-????-?? {{?? ???????}}: ????? ??????????? |last-author-amp= ??????? ??? ?????? (|name-list-style= ??????????) (???????)

[1] "Standard Atomic Weights: ?????????"? CIAAW? ?????

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; B?hlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gr?ning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (? ?? ????)? "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"? Pure and Applied Chemistry (?????? ??????)? ?????:10.1515/pac-2019-0603? ???????? 1365-3075?

[3] ? {{???????? ???????}}: |title= ????????? ?? ???? (???????)

[seawaterconcentration-4] Webb, D. A. (?????? ????)? "The Sodium and Potassium Content of Sea Water" (??????): ???? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)

[5] Anthoni, J. (????)? "Detailed composition of seawater at 3.5% salinity"? seafriends.org.nz? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????

[1702Suspect-6] Marggraf, Andreas Siegmund (????)? Chymische Schriften? ??. ????

[7] Davy, Humphry (????)? "On some new phenomena of chemical changes produced by electricity, in particular the decomposition of the fixed alkalies, and the exhibition of the new substances that constitute their bases; and on the general nature of alkaline bodies": ??? ?????:10.1098/rstl.1808.0001? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)

[8] Klaproth, M. (1797) "Nouvelles données relatives à l'histoire naturelle de l'alcali végétal" (New data regarding the natural history of the vegetable alkali), Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres (Berlin), pp. 9–13 ; see p. 13. From p. 13: "Cet alcali ne pouvant donc plus être envisagé comme un produit de la végétation dans les plantes, occupe une place propre dans la série des substances primitivement simples du règne minéral, &I il devient nécessaire de lui assigner un nom, qui convienne mieux à sa nature.
La dénomination de Potasche (potasse) que la nouvelle nomenclature fran?oise a consacrée comme nom de tout le genre, ne sauroit faire fortune auprès des chimistes allemands, qui sentent à quel point la dérivation étymologique en est vicieuse. Elle est prise en effet de ce qu'anciennement on se servoit pour la calcination des lessives concentrées des cendres, de pots de fer (pott en dialecte de la Basse-Saxe) auxquels on a substitué depuis des fours à calciner.
Je propose donc ici, de substituer aux mots usités jusqu'ici d'alcali des plantes, alcali végétal, potasse, &c. celui de kali, & de revenir à l'ancienne dénomination de natron, au lieu de dire alcali minéral, soude &c."
(This alkali [i.e., potash] — [which] therefore can no longer be viewed as a product of growth in plants — occupies a proper place in the originally simple series of the mineral realm, and it becomes necessary to assign it a name that is better suited to its nature.
The name of "potash" (potasse), which the new French nomenclature has bestowed as the name of the entire species [i.e., substance], would not find acceptance among German chemists, who feel to some extent [that] the etymological derivation of it is faulty. Indeed, it is taken from [the vessels] that one formerly used for the roasting of washing powder concentrated from cinders: iron pots (pott in the dialect of Lower Saxony), for which roasting ovens have been substituted since then.
Thus I now propose to substitute for the until now common words of "plant alkali", "vegetable alkali", "potash", etc., that of kali ; and to return to the old name of natron instead of saying "mineral alkali", "soda", etc.)

[9] Davy, Humphry (????)? "Ueber einige neue Erscheinungen chemischer Ver?nderungen, welche durch die Electricit?t bewirkt werden; insbesondere über die Zersetzung der feuerbest?ndigen Alkalien, die Darstellung der neuen K?rper, welche ihre Basen ausmachen, und die Natur der Alkalien überhaupt": ???–???? ?????:10.1002/andp.18090310202? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)

[10] Berzelius, J. Jacob (1814) F?rs?k, att, genom anv?ndandet af den electrokemiska theorien och de kemiska proportionerna, grundl?gga ett rent vettenskapligt system f?r mineralogien [Attempt, by the use of electrochemical theory and chemical proportions, to found a pure scientific system for mineralogy]. Stockholm, Sweden: A. Gadelius., p. 87.

[g76-11] Greenwood, p. 76

[12] Greenwood, p. 75

[K--13] ? ^? ^? Dye, J. L. (????)? "Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions": ???–???? ?????:10.1002/anie.197905871? {{???????? ???????}}: ??????? journal ?? ???? |journal= ???????? (???????)

[K+++-14] ? ^? James, A. M.; Lord, M. P. (????)? Macmillan's chemical and physical data? Macmillan? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??

[NUBASE-15] ? ^? ????, ??????; ????????, ?????????; ???????, ???; ???????????, ???????? ???????? (????), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" [????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????????], ??????????? ??????? ? (?????? ??????), ???: ?–???, ??????:2003NuPhA.729....3A, ?????:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001

[16] Bowen, Robert; Attendorn, H. G. (????)? "Theory and Assumptions in Potassium–Argon Dating"? Isotopes in the Earth Sciences? Springer? ??. ???–?? ???????? ???-?-???-?????-??

[17] Ana?, D.; Martin-Prével, P. (????)? Improved crop quality by nutrient management? Springer? ??. ???–? ???????? ???-?-????-????-?? {{?? ???????}}: ????? ??????????? |last-author-amp= ??????? ??? ?????? (|name-list-style= ??????????) (???????)

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